{
  "verifiedAt": "2026-10-23",
  "annualDebtSource": "https://mf.gov.cz/cs/rozpoctova-politika/rizeni-statniho-dluhu/statistiky/struktura-a-vyvoj-statniho-dluhu",
  "units": "CZK billions; nominal balance at calendar year-end",
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    "baseCZK": 3677600000000,
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      "year": 1994,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 157.3,
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        "Václav Klaus I."
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      "year": 1995,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 154.4,
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        "Václav Klaus I."
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      "year": 1996,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 155.2,
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        "Václav Klaus I.",
        "Václav Klaus II."
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      "year": 1997,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 173.1,
      "governments": [
        "Václav Klaus II."
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      "year": 1998,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 194.7,
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        "Václav Klaus II.",
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        "Miloš Zeman"
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      "year": 1999,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 228.4,
      "governments": [
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    {
      "year": 2000,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 289.3,
      "governments": [
        "Miloš Zeman"
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    {
      "year": 2001,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 345,
      "governments": [
        "Miloš Zeman"
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    {
      "year": 2002,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 395.9,
      "governments": [
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        "Vladimír Špidla"
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      "year": 2003,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 493.2,
      "governments": [
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    {
      "year": 2004,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 592.9,
      "governments": [
        "Vladimír Špidla",
        "Stanislav Gross"
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      "year": 2005,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 691.2,
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        "Stanislav Gross",
        "Jiří Paroubek"
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      "debtBillionsCZK": 802.5,
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        "Jiří Paroubek",
        "Mirek Topolánek I."
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      "debtBillionsCZK": 892.3,
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      "year": 2008,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 999.8,
      "governments": [
        "Mirek Topolánek II."
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      "year": 2009,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1178.2,
      "governments": [
        "Mirek Topolánek II.",
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      "year": 2010,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1344.1,
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        "Petr Nečas"
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      "year": 2011,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1499.4,
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      "year": 2012,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1667.6,
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      "year": 2013,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1683.3,
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        "Petr Nečas",
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      "debtBillionsCZK": 1663.7,
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        "Bohuslav Sobotka"
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      "year": 2015,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1673,
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      "year": 2016,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1613.4,
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        "Bohuslav Sobotka"
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      "year": 2017,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1624.7,
      "governments": [
        "Bohuslav Sobotka",
        "Andrej Babiš I."
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      "year": 2018,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1622,
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        "Andrej Babiš I.",
        "Andrej Babiš II."
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      "year": 2019,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 1640.2,
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        "Andrej Babiš II."
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      "year": 2020,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 2049.7,
      "governments": [
        "Andrej Babiš II."
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      "year": 2021,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 2465.7,
      "governments": [
        "Andrej Babiš II.",
        "Petr Fiala"
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    {
      "year": 2022,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 2894.8,
      "governments": [
        "Petr Fiala"
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    {
      "year": 2023,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 3110.9,
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        "Petr Fiala"
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      "year": 2024,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 3365.2,
      "governments": [
        "Petr Fiala"
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    {
      "year": 2025,
      "debtBillionsCZK": 3677.6,
      "governments": [
        "Petr Fiala",
        "Andrej Babiš III."
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    {
      "start": "1992-07-02",
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      "name": "Václav Klaus I.",
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        "ODS",
        "KDU-ČSL",
        "ODA",
        "KDS"
      ],
      "note": "KDS merged with ODS in March 1996.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "1993-12-31",
        "to": "1996-07-04",
        "startBillionsCZK": 158.8,
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      "start": "1996-07-04",
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        "ODS",
        "KDU-ČSL",
        "ODA"
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      "note": "",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
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        "from": "1996-07-04",
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      "start": "1998-01-02",
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      "name": "Josef Tošovský",
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        "KDU-ČSL",
        "ODA",
        "ODS → US",
        "independents"
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      "note": "Transitional semi-political cabinet. Some ministers moved from ODS to the newly formed Freedom Union.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "1998-01-02",
        "to": "1998-07-22",
        "startBillionsCZK": 173.21835616438355,
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      "start": "1998-07-22",
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      "name": "Miloš Zeman",
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      "note": "Minority ČSSD government, tolerated by ODS under the opposition agreement; ODS was not a governing party.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
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        "from": "1998-07-22",
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        "startBillionsCZK": 185.1131506849315,
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      "start": "2002-07-15",
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      "name": "Vladimír Špidla",
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        "ČSSD",
        "KDU-ČSL",
        "US-DEU"
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      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "2002-07-15",
        "to": "2004-08-04",
        "startBillionsCZK": 372.33260273972604,
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    {
      "start": "2004-08-04",
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      "name": "Stanislav Gross",
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        "KDU-ČSL",
        "US-DEU"
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      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
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        "from": "2004-08-04",
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        "startBillionsCZK": 552.3117486338798,
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      "start": "2005-04-25",
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      "name": "Jiří Paroubek",
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        "KDU-ČSL",
        "US-DEU"
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      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
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        "from": "2005-04-25",
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    {
      "start": "2006-09-04",
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      "name": "Mirek Topolánek I.",
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        "ODS",
        "independents"
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      "note": "Minority government without the confidence of the Chamber of Deputies.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
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        "from": "2006-09-04",
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        "startBillionsCZK": 766.5180821917809,
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    {
      "start": "2007-01-09",
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      "name": "Mirek Topolánek II.",
      "parties": [
        "ODS",
        "KDU-ČSL",
        "Green Party"
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      "note": "",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "2007-01-09",
        "to": "2009-05-08",
        "startBillionsCZK": 804.7142465753425,
        "endBillionsCZK": 1062.3621917808218,
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        "isEstimate": true,
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    },
    {
      "start": "2009-05-08",
      "endExclusive": "2010-07-13",
      "name": "Jan Fischer",
      "parties": [
        "independents"
      ],
      "note": "Caretaker cabinet with nominees of ODS, ČSSD and the Green Party; not a party coalition.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "2009-05-08",
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        "startBillionsCZK": 1062.3621917808218,
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      "start": "2010-07-13",
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      "name": "Petr Nečas",
      "parties": [
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        "TOP 09",
        "Public Affairs → LIDEM"
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      "note": "Initially a coalition with Public Affairs; after the 2012 split it continued with LIDEM.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "2010-07-13",
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        "startBillionsCZK": 1266.37698630137,
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    {
      "start": "2013-07-10",
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      "name": "Jiří Rusnok",
      "parties": [
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      ],
      "note": "Cabinet without a party coalition agreement, including independents and party members; it did not win confidence.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "2013-07-10",
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        "startBillionsCZK": 1675.815616438356,
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      "start": "2014-01-29",
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      "name": "Bohuslav Sobotka",
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        "ANO",
        "KDU-ČSL"
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      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
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    {
      "start": "2017-12-13",
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      "name": "Andrej Babiš I.",
      "parties": [
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        "independents"
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      "note": "Minority government without the confidence of the Chamber of Deputies.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
        "from": "2017-12-13",
        "to": "2018-06-27",
        "startBillionsCZK": 1624.1427397260275,
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    {
      "start": "2018-06-27",
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      "name": "Andrej Babiš II.",
      "parties": [
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        "ČSSD"
      ],
      "note": "Minority coalition supported by KSČM until April 2021; KSČM was not a governing party.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
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        "startBillionsCZK": 1623.383287671233,
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    {
      "start": "2021-12-17",
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      "name": "Petr Fiala",
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        "KDU-ČSL",
        "TOP 09",
        "STAN",
        "Pirates (until Sep 2024)"
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      "note": "The Pirates decided to leave the coalition on 30 September 2024; the last Pirate minister left on 11 October 2024. Jan Lipavský continued as an independent.",
      "source": "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
      "changeEstimate": {
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        "to": "2025-12-15",
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      "start": "2025-12-15",
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      "source": "https://www.hrad.cz/cs/pro-media/tiskove-zpravy/aktualni-tiskove-zpravy/prezident-petr-pavel-jmenuje-vladu-ceske-republiky-18974",
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    "unit": "% of GDP",
    "source": "https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Government/Public-Finance/Debt-Financial-Assets-Of-Public-Budgets/_node.html",
    "edition": "April 2026 EDP notification",
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        "country": "Belgium",
        "percentGDP": 107.9,
        "percentGDP2024": 103.9,
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        "country": "Germany",
        "percentGDP": 63.5,
        "percentGDP2024": 62.2,
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        "percentGDP2024": 38.3,
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        "percentGDP2024": 134.7,
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        "percentGDP2024": 45.9,
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        "country": "Netherlands",
        "percentGDP": 44.4,
        "percentGDP2024": 43.8,
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        "country": "Austria",
        "percentGDP": 81.5,
        "percentGDP2024": 80,
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        "country": "Portugal",
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        "country": "Finland",
        "percentGDP": 88.5,
        "percentGDP2024": 82.4,
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      {
        "country": "Estonia",
        "percentGDP": 24.1,
        "percentGDP2024": 23.5,
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      {
        "country": "Latvia",
        "percentGDP": 46.9,
        "percentGDP2024": 46.2,
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      {
        "country": "Lithuania",
        "percentGDP": 39.5,
        "percentGDP2024": 38,
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      {
        "country": "Croatia",
        "percentGDP": 56.3,
        "percentGDP2024": 57.4,
        "changePercentagePoints": -1.1
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      {
        "country": "Czechia",
        "percentGDP": 44.3,
        "percentGDP2024": 43.3,
        "changePercentagePoints": 1.0
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      {
        "country": "Denmark",
        "percentGDP": 27.9,
        "percentGDP2024": 30.5,
        "changePercentagePoints": -2.6
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      {
        "country": "Hungary",
        "percentGDP": 74.6,
        "percentGDP2024": 73.5,
        "changePercentagePoints": 1.1
      },
      {
        "country": "Poland",
        "percentGDP": 59.7,
        "percentGDP2024": 54.8,
        "changePercentagePoints": 4.9
      },
      {
        "country": "Sweden",
        "percentGDP": 35.1,
        "percentGDP2024": 34.2,
        "changePercentagePoints": 0.9
      },
      {
        "country": "Bulgaria",
        "percentGDP": 29.9,
        "percentGDP2024": 23.8,
        "changePercentagePoints": 6.1
      },
      {
        "country": "Romania",
        "percentGDP": 59.3,
        "percentGDP2024": 54.8,
        "changePercentagePoints": 4.5
      },
      {
        "country": "EU average",
        "percentGDP": 81.7,
        "percentGDP2024": 80.7,
        "changePercentagePoints": 1.0
      }
    ],
    "changeMethod": "Change in the consolidated gross debt-to-GDP ratio between end-2024 and end-2025, in percentage points. Does not measure nominal debt growth in koruna or euro. Values from the same April 2026 notification, calculated from ratios rounded to one decimal place."
  },
  "governmentSources": [
    "https://vlada.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?pgid=1337",
    "https://acpo.vedeckecasopisy.cz/publicFiles/002549.pdf",
    "https://tacr.gov.cz/wp-content/uploads/documents/2021/04/06/1617694770_Kniha%20%E2%80%9E1989%2B25%3DV%C3%BDzkum%20u%C5%BEite%C4%8Dn%C3%BD%20pro%20spole%C4%8Dnost.pdf",
    "https://www.pirati.cz/jak-pirati-pracuji/?tag_id=6627",
    "https://www.ods.cz/clanek/3445-nova-koalicni-smlouva-bude-do-konce-roku",
    "https://www.hrad.cz/cs/pro-media/tiskove-zpravy/aktualni-tiskove-zpravy/prezident-petr-pavel-jmenuje-vladu-ceske-republiky-18974"
  ],
  "canonicalOrigin": "https://www.dluhstatu.cz",
  "debtService": {
    "source": "https://mf.gov.cz/assets/attachments/2025-12-31_Zprava-o-rizeni-statniho-dluhu-CR-2025.pdf",
    "table": "Table 14, CZK millions; net cash interest and the balance of chapter 396",
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "interestBillionsCZK": 39.4,
        "totalBillionsCZK": 39.551
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "interestBillionsCZK": 39.971,
        "totalBillionsCZK": 40.145
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "interestBillionsCZK": 42.004,
        "totalBillionsCZK": 42.234
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "interestBillionsCZK": 49.459,
        "totalBillionsCZK": 49.705
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "interestBillionsCZK": 68.21,
        "totalBillionsCZK": 68.318
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "interestBillionsCZK": 88.307,
        "totalBillionsCZK": 88.458
      },
      {
        "year": 2025,
        "interestBillionsCZK": 97.972,
        "totalBillionsCZK": 98.126
      }
    ],
    "currentBudget": {
      "year": 2026,
      "approxTotalBillionsCZK": 110,
      "status": "Approximate full-year budget amount, not actual payments to date",
      "source": "https://mf.gov.cz/cs/ministerstvo/media/v-mediich/2026/rozhovor-s-alenou-schillerovou-o-priprave-rozpoctu-62470"
    },
    "projection": {
      "horizon": 2035,
      "effectiveInterestRatePercent": 3,
      "formula": "(3677.6 + annualDebtIncreaseBillionsCZK * (horizon - 2025)) * effectiveInterestRatePercent / 100",
      "note": "Illustrative effective rate applied fully to the entire modelled debt balance; excludes issue maturities, payment timing, income and fees. Not a Ministry of Finance forecast."
    }
  },
  "debtBrake": {
    "estimatedYear": 2034,
    "thresholdPercentGDP": 55,
    "reportDate": "2026-09-24",
    "source": "https://www.rozpoctovarada.cz/publikace/zprava-nrr-o-dlouhodobe-udrzitelnosti-verejnych-financi-2026/",
    "definitionSource": "https://www.rozpoctovarada.cz/o-verejnych-financich/vse-o-verejnych-financich/",
    "note": "Fiscal Council scenario, not a certain date. The debt level is defined by Section 13 of Act No. 23/2017 Coll.; other legally specified expenditure is deducted alongside the reserve. Not nominal state debt."
  },
  "opportunityCosts": {
    "motorway": {
      "name": "D35 Hořice–Sadová",
      "lengthKm": 10.45,
      "constructionCostExVATCZK": 2743113438,
      "assumedVATPercent": 21,
      "unitBillionsCZK": 0.3176236612421053,
      "source": "https://md.gov.cz/Media/Media-a-tiskove-zpravy/RSD-dvoji-TZ?returl=%2FMedia%2FMedia-a-tiskove-zpravy",
      "note": "Project cost after indexation and changes, published 16 December 2025; 21% VAT added for the comparison. Does not automatically include all investment costs, land acquisition and preparation. Not an average cost for all Czech motorways."
    },
    "hospital": {
      "unitBillionsCZK": 10,
      "status": "Adjustable assumed budget for a whole new hospital, not a verified market unit cost. Default assumption: CZK 10 billion including equipment and applicable taxes. Adjustable from CZK 5 to 20 billion."
    },
    "school": {
      "name": "ZŠ a MŠ U Elektry, Praha 9",
      "unitBillionsCZK": 0.57,
      "capacityPupilsApprox": 800,
      "referenceYear": 2023,
      "source": "https://praha10.cz/ocemsemluvi/artmid/10566/zastupce-magistratu-se-stredni-skolou-misto-byvale-radnice-nesouhlasi-nova-skola-muze-vyrust-na-jinych-mistech-desitky?articleid=5324",
      "note": "Prague 10 states an approximate CZK 570 million cost for the new U Elektry school for 800 pupils. This is a specific building opened in 2023, not a current universal school cost. The source does not explicitly detail tax treatment and full cost coverage. Whole schools are rounded down; future inflation, staffing and operations are excluded."
    }
  },
  "governmentChangeMethod": {
    "name": "Linear interpolation between Ministry of Finance annual balances",
    "earliestObservation": "1993-12-31",
    "latestObservation": "2025-12-31",
    "note": "Estimated change in debt between the beginning and end of a term. Assumes a uniform path within each year, including periods of decline. These are not actual handover balances or causal attribution of responsibility. The first and incumbent cabinets have partial data coverage."
  }
}